By: Andy Parsekian
An article on this project has just been published in a special issue of The Leading Edge (TLE) on humanitarian geophysics. Here's the abstract; a link to the full article follows:
"The Aboriginal population of the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) lands in South Australia is dependent on groundwater for nearly all water needs. In that region, placement of wells in productive aquifers of appropriate water quality is challenging because of lack of hydrologic data and variable aquifer properties. It is desirable to have an improved ability to identify and evaluate groundwater resources in this remote region with cost-effective methods that make minimal impact on the environment. A project supported by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists program Geoscientists Without Borders tested a combined geophysical approach with airborne and ground-based data sets to locate a potential aquifer, confirm water content, and estimate the subsurface extent of the water-bearing zone. This hydrogeophysical approach was an effective means for exploration and evaluation of groundwater resources in APY lands generally, and it characterized a specific aquifer as a case study."
Full Article (subscription required)
Geoscientists Without Borders: Groundwater Exploration in the Outback
Wednesday, December 3, 2014
Wednesday, May 28, 2014
A reflection on the field experience
By: Denys Grombacher
Andy and Denys looking at the NMR data. |
I just got back to San Francisco yesterday after an amazing
trip to the APY lands. It was a great experience, both in terms of cultural
experience and getting to explore a new part of the world. It was also an amazing opportunity for
myself, as a young scientist, to participate in large field study in remote and
challenging conditions. My Ph.D has consisted primarily of synthetic studies
conducted on a computer so far. While I have thoroughly enjoyed my Ph.D, the
reason I got into geophysics in the first place was to get outside, and work in
really cool places. And the APY lands definitely qualifies as a really cool
place.
Hard at work in the outback. |
It was very rewarding to apply the tools I’ve developed
during my studies to a problem critical to remote communities, but one of the
biggest learning experiences that I hadn’t expected was getting to see first hand
everything that goes into planning a field study in remote conditions. I was
responsible for some planning prior to our arrival in Australia, mostly hiring
vehicles and coordinating a 4 wheel drive training course (which was SUPER fun)
but almost all of the organization of the field campaign was done by our CSIRO
colleagues (thanks Kevin, Aaron, and Tim). Since we were working in such a
remote place we were responsible for bringing in nearly all our own supplies:
food for the full two weeks, lots of water, all the geophysical equipment and
supplementary supplies necessary for the field work. I really gained an
appreciation for how much planning goes into conducting such a large study.
Everything went smoothly in the field thanks largely to the comprehensive
preparation. Another important aspect of
remote field work I learned is the need for redundant safety systems. Whenever
we went into the field every crew had 3 to 4 safety systems that they could use
to alert someone in the event of an accident. We had CB radios, satellite
phones, spots (an automated GPS that uploads your current position every 15
minutes, and is capable of transmitting a distress signal to search and
rescue), and another GPS capable of transmitting a distress signal. After this
experience I feel confident that I would be able to coordinate and execute a
remote field study. I left Australia with a renewed enthusiasm for field work,
and an increased excitement to get back out into the field.
Lots of open spaces to put out NMR and TEM loops! |
Saturday, May 24, 2014
Using Geophysics for Groundwater Exploration and Aquifer Characterization
By: Andy Parsekian
Brady sets up the NMR instrument. |
The objectives of this project are to demonstrate the effectiveness of combined time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) and surface nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for groundwater exploration in the APY lands of northwest South Australia, and to identify possible new groundwater resources. The TEM measurement has been used for decades both in a ground-based acquisition mode and attached to aircraft. This method is particularly effective at imaging the subsurface over long distances due to the rapid speed of data acquisition, although it is sometimes limited due to ambiguous interpretation of electrical properties of the subsurface. The surface NMR method has also been used for decades, however in the past ten years, this method has seen particularly exciting developments and improvement in instrumentation. Surface NMR is special among geophysical measurements because it is exclusively and unambiguous to liquid water. The most common limitations for surface NMR are either not enough water in the aquifer to generate a signal or too much ambient “noise” that masks the signal we desire to detect. Fortunately, at our field sites in the APY lands, there were regularly aquifers present within the top 50 m of the subsurface and the noise was very low enabling easy collection of high-quality data.
The surface NMR instrument was set up on the bed of a truck. Here, Denys sets up the system for data acquisition. |
Aaron and Kevin making a TEM sounding. |
Tim Munday (dark shirt) discusses an airborne geophysics dataset with the group. |
Our general strategy was to first look at large scale airborne geophysical maps that are available from Geoscience Australia. We were able to identify certain targets that seemed like a possible aquifer from these maps. Then, we took the TEM and surface NMR instruments to the field to analyze the targets in high details. The TEM measurement was used at many sites along our target transect to get a high-resolution spatially semi-continuous image of subsurface structure, with particular focus on the position of the base of the aquifer. Then, we visited several of the TEM sites with the surface NMR instrument that has a much longer data acquisition time and therefore less total measurements were possible. The next step is, after more rigorous data processing, to interpret the TEM data using the direct water observations from the NMR to best characterize the aquifer.
Denys using the magnetometer before starting the NMR survey. |
The preliminary results of our efforts have demonstrated the both the NMR and TEM methods are very well suited to the geologic conditions of the APY lands. One of the possible limitations in this region is the magnetic geologic materials that are present that could limit the ability of surface NMR to reliably detect water. Fortunately, we found that although the effect of magnetic materials was observable in our signals, due to the low noise conditions at the site we were still able to analyze those data. Furthermore, we also were also able to utilize an NMR data acquisition mode that has been newly implemented in the surface NMR instrument that allowed us to minimize the contribution of magnetic effects to the signal.
Understanding Aboriginal Art: An interview with Beverly Peacock owner of the Kajiti Art Gallery in Fregon
By: Brady Flinchum
I asked Beverly how the water influences some of the paintings and she simply told me that the artists paint what they know. I guess this is not super shocking, but it is very clear when you walk into the gallery simply by the colors selected. There are a lot of brown earth tones, and dark greens and yellows. These colors are very similar to most of the dirt, boulders and vegetation that we saw when we were out in the field. There are also a lot of paintings that have deep blues, teals and oranges. These colors more than likely stem from the beautiful sunsets and sun rises that we saw on a nightly basis while in the field. The picture in the upper left is the old supermarket that is located next to the art gallery. I am using this image because, although I couldn't take images within the gallery this building can gives you a sense of how brightly colored some of this artwork is, and the variety that is presented. One thing I want to point out is the pools of water that are painted on the ground. Despite a fairly large rainstorm that came through about 2 weeks before we arrived we did not see any surface water. The desert was green and new grass was growing because of the amount of water.
Beverly said to me that life out here is completely influence by food and water. Water is so important that the aboriginal artists have a symbol for rock holes, which essentially represent locations where water can be found. A common theme to a lot of the paintings was to draw the land that the artist grew up on as if they were looking down over the land from a helicopter. This is interesting because Beverly assured me that most of them have never been in an airplane before. If you can put yourself in that perspective you can start to see these paintings as maps of their land. In almost every painting you will see at least one rock hole, or some kind of blue droplet, probably representing rain. The gallery was filled with hundreds of paintings and almost of them, because they paint what they know, has some kind of influence of water.
I wanted to say thank you to Beverly for letting me talk with you and giving me all of the information.
I asked Beverly how the water influences some of the paintings and she simply told me that the artists paint what they know. I guess this is not super shocking, but it is very clear when you walk into the gallery simply by the colors selected. There are a lot of brown earth tones, and dark greens and yellows. These colors are very similar to most of the dirt, boulders and vegetation that we saw when we were out in the field. There are also a lot of paintings that have deep blues, teals and oranges. These colors more than likely stem from the beautiful sunsets and sun rises that we saw on a nightly basis while in the field. The picture in the upper left is the old supermarket that is located next to the art gallery. I am using this image because, although I couldn't take images within the gallery this building can gives you a sense of how brightly colored some of this artwork is, and the variety that is presented. One thing I want to point out is the pools of water that are painted on the ground. Despite a fairly large rainstorm that came through about 2 weeks before we arrived we did not see any surface water. The desert was green and new grass was growing because of the amount of water.
Image of one of many sunsets we had in the outback. I just wanted to post this to show you the array of colors that can be seen so far away from civilization. |
I wanted to say thank you to Beverly for letting me talk with you and giving me all of the information.
The aboriginal symbol of rock holes. Image was taken from: http://www.jintaart.com.au/iconography/water.htmAdd caption |
Thursday, May 22, 2014
My cultural experience upon returning from the APY Lands
By: Brady Flinchum
My experience of spending over a week in the outback on the Anangu Pitjantjatjar Yankunytjatjar (APY) Lands extremely special. I got to see, and photograph a part of the world that very few people have ever been to. I had the chance to talk to long time government employees and even got shown around by a very old aboriginal man. Although it was very hard to understand him it was an amazing experience. I know the experience was very special because even the Australians that I talked to in Adelaide prior to departure have never been there or thought about going out there. This is a part of the world that is so isolated and culturally different than anywhere I have ever been.
Andy, Denys and me on the first in the APY lands. |
Gary was an interesting old bloke. His job was to facilitate communications between outside mining companies and the traditional land owners and council. Gary had been working out of Umawa for about 15 years. Gary was somewhat of a photographer and was a very gentle, nostalgic guy. As you can tell from the image he had lots of pictures pinned up all around his office. I asked him about some of his images and he told me that anyone that came by to talk to him he would ask them for a picture. He also told me the ones on his walls were his favorite and he had many more on his computer.
Gary McWilliams telling me a story about this older gentleman, his wife and their niece that came to talk to him one afternoon. |
Gary told me about an experience of him and other indigenous people cleaning out ancient rock holes. Rock holes are areas where after rain storms water would pool for long periods of times or a rock hole could imply a a hole in the ground that had access to the local water table. Now that we have modern technology and can drill into the groundwater these rock holes are no longer used, but they are being preserved. After about an hour to two hour talk with Gary I he really made me understand the importance of groundwater in this part of the world. It rarely rains and gets up to 40-45 degrees C (~102-113 F) in the summer time out here.
I also had the chance to talk with an anthropologist named Mike. The most interesting fact that he told me was that the map of the the original indigenous people was separated by languages. The each individual letter in the APY Lands stands for a different language: Anangu, Pitjantjatjar and Yankunytjatjara. Mike was showing me a map and explaining that the groups of people who spoke these languages interacted and merged because of a large drought that occurred in the late 1800 early 1900s. The indigenous people were forced to interact with the railroaders and move toward the coast lines in order to get water. Mike also spoke of the rock holes and how important they were to the culture. It was such an interesting experience because so many of the elders are still alive and remember times prior to white man. They didn’t have full infrastructure in Fregon until the 1990’s!
The Double Tank well bore. There is current infrastructure that the now permanent communities rely on to raise cattle and stay in one place. This is image of an older well that is run by wind power. |
A dried out skull of a cow. In the heat of summer it probably didn’t make it back to the watering hole. This was a common site on the APY Lands. Groundwater is so critical to everyone’s survival. |
Me standing in front of the old Fregon store. The art was incredible, you can even see they painted a small lake/pool or something on the building in the lefthand corner. |
Sunday, May 11, 2014
By: Denys, (photos by Brady)
From Left to Right: Laurie, Denys, Andy and Brady. |
We’re now up in Coober Pedy in a hotel that’s carved into a
sandstone hill, and you can still see the grooves the tunneling machine left in
the wall. We just finished a great dinner after a ten hour drive along the
Stuart Highway from Adelaide. A couple days ago we finished our 4 wheel drive
skills training course. It poured rain and made for a great day of off-roading.
The course was a great experience and I now feel MUCH more comfortable and safe
driving the utes in the bush. On the drive out to the off-road track I was
disappointed when Laurie, our driving instructor, came on the radio saying that
there were 5 kangaroos off to the right because I missed those particular
kangaroos. I thought I had missed my chance at seeing any kangaroos. I could
not have been more wrong. At the time I lost count we had seen about 80
kangaroos.
Mike Hatch testing the TEM equipment prior to leaving for the field. |
We spent the next day in an Adelaide park with our project
partner Michael Hatch (University of Adelaide) testing the TEM systems prior to
our departure. The systems were working great and we headed out to Zonge
Australia headquarters where we met with Kevin Cahill. At Zonge we loaded all
the vehicles with the gear and readied for the trip. After an early morning we
hit the road and headed up to Coober Pedy. The drive was long and straight but
really entertaining. We drove past the
Flinders range, and Pink Lake. We’re off to the APY lands tomorrow, and we’re
really excited to get started on our geophysical data collection.
Thursday, May 8, 2014
First few days in Australia!
By: Brady Flinchum
Travel Day
Melyssa and I enjoying my last day in Wyoming in Cheyenne. |
Over the last 20 hours we have ridden various different sizes of airplanes from the small plane we took from Laramie to Denver and a Boeing 777 we are on from L.A. to Sydney. As we were boarding in Laramie was able to snap of a quick picture of the small plane. I am almost positive that the jet engine on the 777 could fit the entire plane we rode out of Laramie inside of it! Unfortunately I couldn’t get a picture of the 777 because we had such a short layover (only 35 min). This is the biggest plane that I have ever been on and it is also the longest flight I have ever been. I was delighted to see how much legroom I had on this long 14 hour flight. I was expecting to have my own television but I wasn’t expecting it to have games, puzzles and recently released movies.
First Day in Adelaide
We met up with Denys in Sydney and took a Boeing 737 to Adelaide, SA. I have to admit I was extremely exhausted because I was unable to sleep on the 14 hour flight. Luckily I did catch a few z's on the short 2 hour plane from Sydney to Adelaide. In order to make sure I got caught up to the right time zone I decided to have a cup of coffee and try to make it until nightfall. On our way to our hotel in downtown Adelaide it was weird for me sitting in the passenger seat as Denys drove because we are driving on the left hand side of the road. Every time I looked up I flinched a little bit thinking were were going to get in a head on! I am still getting used to it, but I am adapting quicker than I though I would.
Since we flew all night we arrived in Adelaide to early to check into our hotel. We decided to find a place to eat and walked around downtown Adelaide. We made it to the South Australian Museum to learn a little bit more about the aboriginal culture. It turns out they had a special exhibit from the APY lands that we were able to look through. Unfortunately this zone was no camera allowed but the artwork was very colorful and beautiful. It is amazing to me how the aboriginals did and still can live in such a arid place. My favorite exhibit at the museum illustrated how important water is for their survival. They and all kinds of tools to store and cary water one of which included an inside out wallaby! Not only did they use the water to drink they would actually poison surface water, so they could catch and kill wild emus. While the surface pond was poisoned they would depend on on water gathered from roots, or other sources.
Since we will be traveling way out into the bush safety is very important. We will be driving a long way and be very isolated so it is important that we understand how the vehicle we are driving works and functions. For us to be confident in our driving and off roading skills we are taking a 2 day course. . We started this morning and went over the basics of 4WD vehicles. I really learned a lot about tire pressures and how reducing them can really get you out of a sticky situation. After a few hours in the classroom we drove out to a beach where we got to play around a bit. The point of the exercises were to demonstrate the benefits of 4WD. We did three different exercises today, mostly concerning safety. The first exercise was to weave through cones with and without 4WD and stability control. In order to be safe on the back roads it is important to put the vehicle into 4WD as soon as you hit the dirt because it gives you so much more control when steering and braking, not necessarily because the road is rough or steep. The next two exercises involved braking. For example out where we are going there are wild emus, kangaroos, cattle, and camels. If you see one of these you don't want to swerve off the road (unless it is huge like a cow, camel or another vehicle), you want to stop and hit it at the slowest speed possible. We traveled 60 and 80 kmh and tried to stop. One of our vehicles had anti-lock brakes (ABS) and the other didn't. I was driving the one without ABS and was able to stop faster than the one with ABS, which really surprised me. It was really an eye opener to see how that extra 20 kmh dramatically increased the distance required to stop. When you got out of the car and looked at the distance required it blew my mind! To say the least when traveling in the back country we will be taking our time and driving fairly slowly. Even after the first day I am already feeling so much better about driving to our destination and we haven't even received all of the behind the wheel training yet.
The small plane that we flew on leaving Laramie, Wyoming |
First Day in Adelaide
We met up with Denys in Sydney and took a Boeing 737 to Adelaide, SA. I have to admit I was extremely exhausted because I was unable to sleep on the 14 hour flight. Luckily I did catch a few z's on the short 2 hour plane from Sydney to Adelaide. In order to make sure I got caught up to the right time zone I decided to have a cup of coffee and try to make it until nightfall. On our way to our hotel in downtown Adelaide it was weird for me sitting in the passenger seat as Denys drove because we are driving on the left hand side of the road. Every time I looked up I flinched a little bit thinking were were going to get in a head on! I am still getting used to it, but I am adapting quicker than I though I would.
In arid regions, Aboriginal people had many ways of finding enough drinking water. They cared deeply for their water sources, often giving them important religious and social meanings. |
Since we flew all night we arrived in Adelaide to early to check into our hotel. We decided to find a place to eat and walked around downtown Adelaide. We made it to the South Australian Museum to learn a little bit more about the aboriginal culture. It turns out they had a special exhibit from the APY lands that we were able to look through. Unfortunately this zone was no camera allowed but the artwork was very colorful and beautiful. It is amazing to me how the aboriginals did and still can live in such a arid place. My favorite exhibit at the museum illustrated how important water is for their survival. They and all kinds of tools to store and cary water one of which included an inside out wallaby! Not only did they use the water to drink they would actually poison surface water, so they could catch and kill wild emus. While the surface pond was poisoned they would depend on on water gathered from roots, or other sources.
Andy (Left) and Denys (Right) looking at the map of the
Aboriginal boundaries of Australia.
|
4WD Training
Denys (Left) and Andy (Right) hanging out prior to doing driving. |
Andy decelerating from ~80 kmh to 0 kmh in the shortest distance possible. This vehicle does NOT have ABS. |
Denys hitting a cone without the 4WD drive turned on. |
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